Alzheimer’s Disease - Coping with Alzheimer’s

Caring For a Loved One with Alzheimer's Disease

To ensure appropriate and effective caregiving for loved one’s with Alzheimer’s Disease, the following steps should be taken by carers and family members:

1. Educating oneself about the stages and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, by attending support groups and seeking the advice of healthcare professionals.

2. Creating a safe and comfortable environment, making sure the person’s surroundings are free of hazards and ensuring easy access to important items (such as medication).

3. Establish a daily routine, including a set schedule for meals, activities, and personal care, to help your loved one feel more secure and comfortable.

4. Encourage social interaction, especially activities that your loved one enjoys, such as card games, going for walks and spending quality time with friends and family.

5. Be patient and understanding, respecting that people with Alzheimer’s disease can easily become confused, agitated, or disoriented, and are often not intentionally behaving in a difficult manner.

6. Take time to rest and recharge as a caregiver, seeking support from family and friends where needed.

This multi-faceted approach ensures the most appropriate and effective care can be provided for loved ones living with Alzheimer’s Disease.

Support Resources for Caregivers and Families

Dementia Australia is the peak body for people living with dementia and their caregivers, providing support, information, and advocacy, including counselling, support groups and education programs.

Carer Gateway is a government-funded service that provides information, education, counselling, respite care and financial support for people living with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers.

My Aged Care is a government-funded service, offering assessments, support planning, and assistance with access to aged care services.

National Dementia Helpline (1800 100 500) is a free, confidential service that provides information, support, and advice to people living with dementia and their caregivers.

Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Risk of Alzheimer’s

Making healthy lifestyle choices can help to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, or delay the onset of the disease.

These healthy lifestyle choices should include:

1. At least 30 minutes of regular exercise on most days of the week, which studies have shown to have a positive effect on brain health.

2. A healthy diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.

3. Activities such as reading, puzzles, or learning a new skill, to keep the brain active and engaged.

4. Maintaining social connections and activities.

5. At least 7 hours of quality sleep per night, to boost overall brain health.

6. Making regular appointments with a General Practitioner, to manage chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

7. Keeping alcohol consumption to moderate levels, to protect brain health.

These healthy lifestyle choices provide a starting point for reducing one’s risk of Alzheimer’s Disease.

If you need an experienced guardianship lawyer for help navigating an application for guardianship and/or administration, feel welcome to contact me. I will be happy to help.

Suspicions alone not sufficient for Tribunal intervention under s 109 of the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 (WA)

Introduction

As a guardianship lawyer in Western Australia, I am often asked about the powers and limitations of the State Administrative Tribunal (the Tribunal) in relation to enduring powers of attorney.

In this blog post, I discuss the decision of PT [2020] WASAT 147, which highlights the importance of establishing a proper reason for the Tribunal to make an order under section 109 of the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 (WA) (the GA Act) after the donor of an enduring power of attorney has died.

Background

In PT [2020] WASAT 147, the applicants were daughters of the deceased donor (VM) of an enduring power of attorney, and sisters of the donee (GM). They sought orders under s 109(1)(a) and s 109(1)(b) of the GA Act to require GM to file and serve a copy of all records and accounts kept by him of dealings and transactions made by him in connection with the enduring power of attorney and to have those records and accounts audited by an auditor appointed by the Tribunal.

The Strike Out Application

GM applied to strike out the applicants' proceeding under s 47 of the State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004 (WA) (the SAT Act), arguing that the application for orders under s 109 of the GA Act was for an ulterior purpose, namely, to gather information for the purposes of a family provision proceeding, and that the real issue was the extent of VM's deceased estate.

The Tribunal's Powers Under Section 109

Section 109 of the GA Act allows a person with a proper interest in the matter to apply to the Tribunal for an order relating to an enduring power of attorney, including requiring the donee to file and serve records and accounts, and requiring those records and accounts to be audited.

The Tribunal's powers under s 109 of the GA Act are limited, particularly in situations where the donor has died. In such cases, the Tribunal can only require the donee to account for his or her actions under the enduring power of attorney during the lifetime of the donor under s 109(1)(a) or s 109(1)(b) of the GA Act, and cannot have any other remedial effect.

The Importance of Establishing a Proper Reason

The Tribunal in PT [2020] WASAT 147 emphasized that there must be a proper reason established to justify the making of an order under s 109(1)(a) or s 109(1)(b) of the GA Act. Mere suspicion is not sufficient. In this case, the applicants' reason for seeking orders under s 109(1) was based on their belief that the deceased donor's statement of assets and liabilities did not accurately reflect her assets at the time of her death. The Tribunal found that this reason amounted to no more than a suspicion, which was not a proper reason for an order to be made under s 109(1)(a) or s 109(1)(b) of the GA Act.

Key Take-Aways

• PT [2020] WASAT 147 emphasizes that mere suspicions are inadequate for Tribunal intervention under section 109 of the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 (WA).

• To warrant an order under s 109(1)(a) or s 109(1)(b) of the GA Act, applicants must provide a valid reason.

• This requirement is especially important after the death of the enduring power of attorney's donor.

Understanding the Threshold for Guardianship Applications and Costs Consequences

Guardianship applications can be an essential legal tool for protecting the welfare of vulnerable individuals. However, they also carry significant consequences and should not be taken lightly. This blog post is about the threshold for making such applications in Western Australia, as well as the potential costs consequences for pursuing an application that does not meet this standard.

In this blog post, I make reference to WD [2022] WASAT 12, and refer to the relevant legislation, the Guardianship and Administration Act (GA Act).

Threshold for Making a Guardianship Application

The recent decision in WD [2022] WASAT 12 observed that guardianship and administration applications are "very intrusive and lead to the exploration of sensitive issues in a person's life."

As such, an applicant must have a reasonable belief, objectively grounded, of the grounds for making the application [53].

This means that the applicant should have strong evidence to support the need for the application and the belief that it is in the best interest of the person involved.

Costs Consequences

If an applicant is made aware that their application is unlikely to succeed, the Tribunal expects them to withdraw the application, unless they can provide contrary, probative medical evidence.

In cases where the applicant unreasonably pursues an untenable application, unnecessarily prolongs the application, or pursues it for an improper purpose, the Tribunal may consider awarding costs to the proposed represented person [54].

In WD [2022] WASAT 12, the Tribunal found that the applicant's conduct in pursuing the application warranted a costs order [91].

The applicant pressed contentions that were not supported by evidence, previously made in other fora without any findings in support, and not squarely addressed to the issues to be determined in the proceedings [91(a)].

The applicant also conducted the proceedings in a manner that resulted in significant legal costs for the proposed represented person [91(b)].

The Tribunal determined that it was appropriate for the applicant to pay the costs incurred by the proposed represented person in connection with the proceedings after a certain date [95].

Key take-aways

• Guardianship applications are an important legal tool, but they must be pursued responsibly and with a reasonable, objectively grounded belief. Applicants must be aware of the potential costs consequences if they do not meet this standard, as demonstrated in WD [2022] WASAT 12.

• To avoid unnecessary legal costs and potential harm to the proposed represented person, it is advisable to consult with an experienced guardianship lawyer before proceeding with an application. Please feel welcome to contact me.

Memory Impairments and the Appointment of an Administrator in Western Australia

Memory impairments can significantly impact a person's ability to make reasonable judgments about their financial affairs.

In this blog post, I discuss how memory impairments can be a basis for the appointment of an administrator by the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia, as outlined in the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 (GA Act).

Mental Disability and Estate Management

Under section 64(1)(a) of the GA Act, a person may be considered unable to make reasonable judgments about their estate due to a mental disability.

The term "estate" refers to the aggregate of a person's property, assets, and liabilities, which in practice encompasses their real and personal property and financial affairs.

The State Administrative Tribunal must determine whether the individual has the ability to make reasonable judgments about their estate (a subjective test) and whether they have the ability to engage in the mental processes required to make that judgment (an objective test).

Both tests must be satisfied for the Tribunal to appoint an administrator.

Memory Impairments and Decision-Making

Memory impairments, such as issues with short-term memory retention, can hinder an individual's ability to weigh the pros and cons of financial decisions.

This may lead to impulsive behavior and poor financial management, such as overspending, failing to budget, or making unreasonable demands on their funds.

However, it is important to note that not all individuals with memory impairments or mental disabilities will require an administrator. The Tribunal must be satisfied that the person's inability to make reasonable judgments about their estate is caused by their mental disability (a causal link) before they can appoint an administrator.

Case Example

In a recent case, VD [2023] WASAT 19, the State Administrative Tribunal found that a person with an acquired brain injury, which caused impulsivity, difficulties with executive functioning, and retention of information in short-term memory, was unable to make reasonable judgments about their estate.

The individual frequently overspent, failed to budget, and made unreasonable demands on their funds.

The Tribunal concluded that the acquired brain injury was the reason for their inability to manage their estate, and the requirements of section 64(1)(a) of the GA Act were met, resulting in the appointment of an administrator.

Conclusion

Memory impairments can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to manage their financial affairs.

In cases where a mental disability leads to an inability to make reasonable judgments about one's estate, the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia may appoint an administrator to protect the individual's best interests.

If you or a loved one are facing challenges in managing an estate due to memory impairments, please feel welcome to consult with me as a qualified guardianship lawyer, to explore your options. You can contact me here.

Acquired Brain Injury and Legal Safeguards: The Role of Guardians and Administrators in Supporting Affected Individuals

As a guardianship lawyer with experience appearing in hearings before the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia, I often encounter cases involving individuals with acquired brain injuries (ABIs).

The impact of these injuries can be profound. often leading to impulsivity and, therefore, vulnerability to exploitation.

In this blog post, I describe what an ABI is, its causes, the link between ABI and impulsivity, and why this can justify the need for a guardian and/or administrator.

What is an Acquired Brain Injury?

An acquired brain injury (ABI) is damage to the brain that occurs after birth and is not related to a congenital disorder, developmental disability, or progressive degenerative disease.

ABIs can result in cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments that can vary widely in severity, depending on the extent and location of the brain damage.

Causes of Acquired Brain Injuries

There are many possible causes of an ABI, including:

1. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) – resulting from events such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and violence.

2. Non-traumatic brain injuries – caused by medical conditions such as stroke, brain tumors, infections (e.g., meningitis or encephalitis), hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), and exposure to toxic substances.

Impulsivity and Other Symptoms of ABI

Impulsivity is a common symptom of ABI and can manifest in various ways, such as:

1. Difficulty with impulse control: Individuals with ABI may struggle to resist urges, make hasty decisions without considering the consequences, or act inappropriately in social situations.

2. Emotional dysregulation: Mood swings, irritability, and emotional outbursts may be more frequent for those with ABI.

3. Cognitive impairments: ABI can lead to problems with memory, attention, planning, and problem-solving.

Why ABI Can Justify a Guardian and/or Administrator

Individuals with ABI, particularly those exhibiting impulsivity and other cognitive or emotional impairments, can be at increased risk of exploitation and may struggle to manage their personal, medical, or financial affairs effectively.

In these situations, the appointment of a guardian and/or administrator may be necessary to protect the individual's best interests and ensure their wellbeing.

A guardian is a person appointed by the State Administrative Tribunal to make personal and lifestyle decisions on behalf of an individual with a mental disability. An administrator, on the other hand, is appointed to manage the individual's financial and legal affairs.

Both roles aim to provide support and protection to the individual, while considering their wishes and needs to the greatest extent possible.

Acquired brain injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to make sound decisions and protect themselves from potential exploitation.

By understanding the link between ABI and impulsivity, we can better recognize when a guardian and/or administrator may be necessary to safeguard the best interests of those affected.

If you or a loved one has experienced an ABI and requires legal assistance, please contact me, if you need to speak with a guardianship lawyer with experience in the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia for guidance and support.

Navigating the Legal Framework for Your Adult Child with Autism: A Guide to Guardianship and Administration in Western Australia

In this blog post, I focus on the practical issues that parents of adult children with autism in Western Australia may face and explore the types of situations that make it sensible to apply for guardianship and administration. This is particularly important when considering factors such as parents no longer being together.

In Western Australia, guardianship and administration are governed by the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990. Guardianship pertains to making personal, lifestyle, and medical decisions, while administration deals with financial and property management.

When considering applying for guardianship and administration for an adult child with autism, parents should evaluate the following situations:

1. The adult child lacks the capacity to make informed decisions: If the adult child with autism has significant challenges in understanding and processing information, and consequently cannot make informed decisions, guardianship and administration may be necessary.

2. The parents are no longer together: If the parents have separated or divorced, they may have different views on their adult child's care and decision-making. Guardianship and administration can provide a clear legal framework for decision-making and ensure that the best interests of the adult child are prioritized.

3. Potential for abuse, neglect, or exploitation: If there is a risk that the adult child with autism may be subject to abuse, neglect, or exploitation, either by family members or others, guardianship and administration can provide a layer of protection and oversight to prevent such occurrences.

4. Healthcare and medical treatment: If the adult child requires complex or ongoing medical treatment, guardianship can ensure that appropriate decisions are made regarding their healthcare needs.

5. Financial management: If the adult child with autism has substantial assets or receives a substantial income (e.g., from government benefits or an inheritance), administration may be necessary to ensure proper management and prevent financial mismanagement or exploitation.

6. Residential arrangements: If the adult child requires specialized living arrangements, such as supported accommodation or a group home, guardianship can help in making decisions about the most suitable option, taking into account the adult child's preferences, needs, and available resources.

7. Future planning: Guardianship and administration can provide a framework for planning the adult child's future, including their living arrangements, healthcare, and financial management, particularly in situations where the parents are aging or have health issues of their own.

Before applying for guardianship and administration, parents should consider alternatives that may be less restrictive and provide more autonomy to their adult child with autism. These alternatives include ‘supported decision-making’.

In conclusion, parents of adult children with autism in Western Australia should carefully consider the specific circumstances of their situation when deciding whether to apply for guardianship and administration. By assessing the individual needs, challenges, and preferences of their adult child, parents can make informed decisions that promote their loved one's well-being, autonomy, and protection.

Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms and Impact on Daily Life

Bipolar affective disorder, also known as bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings.

People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of depression, where they feel low, sad, hopeless, and lose interest in things they usually enjoy. They also experience episodes of mania or hypomania, where they feel high, euphoric, irritable, restless, and have increased energy and activity. Sometimes, they may also have psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.

Bipolar disorder can affect a person's ability to function in daily life, as well as their relationships, work, and finances. It can also increase the risk of suicide and other health problems.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition that requires ongoing treatment and support.

The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

As a guardianship lawyer, I often encounter cases where a person with bipolar disorder needs legal protection or representation.

Guardianship is a legal process where the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia appoints someone to make decisions for another person who is unable to do so because of mental incapacity.

A guardian can be appointed to make decisions about personal matters, such as medical treatment, accommodation, services and other lifestyle matters. An administrator can also be appointed to make decisions about financial matters, such as managing property, income, and expenses.

Guardianship can be a helpful tool to protect the rights and interests of a person with bipolar disorder who is unable to make informed decisions for themselves.

However, guardianship also involves a loss of autonomy and privacy for the person under guardianship.

Therefore, guardianship should only be considered as a last resort when there are no less restrictive alternatives available.

If you or someone you know has bipolar disorder and needs legal assistance or advice regarding guardianship or other related issues, please contact me.

I am an experienced guardianship lawyer who can help you navigate the complex and sensitive legal process.

Understanding the Different Types of Dementia

Dementia is a general term that describes a decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's daily life.

There are different types of dementia, each with its own causes, symptoms and progression.

In this blog post, I will explain some of the most common types of dementia and how they affect the person and their legal capacity.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for about 60-80% of all cases. It is caused by the buildup of abnormal protein deposits called amyloid plaques and twisted fibers called tau tangles in the brain. These damage the brain cells and interfere with their communication. Alzheimer's disease usually affects memory first, especially the ability to form new memories. As the disease progresses, other cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, judgment and orientation are also impaired. People with Alzheimer's disease may also experience mood and personality changes, such as depression, anxiety, apathy and agitation. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative and irreversible condition that worsens over time. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but some treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down the decline.

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia, accounting for about 10-20% of all cases. It is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain due to conditions such as stroke, heart disease, diabetes or high blood pressure. This deprives the brain cells of oxygen and nutrients and leads to their death. Vascular dementia can affect different cognitive functions depending on which part of the brain is damaged. Some common symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty with planning and problem-solving, impaired judgment and attention, and mood and behavior changes. Vascular dementia can have a sudden or gradual onset and can progress in a stepwise or continuous manner. The course and severity of vascular dementia depend on the underlying cause and the extent of brain damage. Some risk factors for vascular dementia can be prevented or controlled by adopting a healthy lifestyle and managing chronic conditions.

Lewy body dementia is another common type of dementia, accounting for about 10-15% of all cases. It is caused by the buildup of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. These affect the brain cells that control movement, memory and thinking. Lewy body dementia can cause symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease, such as memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment and language skills. However, it can also cause symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, slowness and balance problems. People with Lewy body dementia may also experience visual hallucinations, fluctuations in alertness and attention, sleep disorders and sensitivity to certain medications. Lewy body dementia is a progressive and incurable condition that worsens over time. There is no specific treatment for Lewy body dementia, but some medications can help manage some of the symptoms.

Frontotemporal dementia is a rare type of dementia that affects about 5-10% of all cases. It is caused by the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behavior, language and social skills. Frontotemporal dementia usually affects younger people than other types of dementia, typically between 45 and 65 years old. Frontotemporal dementia can cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain is affected. Some common symptoms include changes in personality and behavior, such as loss of empathy, inhibition, motivation and social awareness; difficulty with language skills, such as speaking, understanding, reading and writing; and problems with executive functions, such as planning, organizing and reasoning. Frontotemporal dementia is a progressive and irreversible condition that worsens over time. There is no cure for frontotemporal dementia, but some medications can help manage some of the behavioral symptoms.

These are some of the most common types of dementia that affect millions of people around the world.

Dementia can have a significant impact on a person's legal capacity, which is their ability to make decisions and act on them in accordance with the law. A person with dementia may lose their legal capacity partially or completely as their condition progresses.

This can affect their rights and responsibilities in various areas of life, such as health care, finances, property and personal affairs.

As a guardianship lawyer, I help people with dementia and their families to protect their legal interests and ensure their well-being.

If you or someone you know has dementia or is at risk of developing it, it is important to plan ahead and seek legal advice as soon as possible

Alzheimer's disease - Overview

Definition and Overview

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour.

It is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases.

Alzheimer's disease is a major public health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide, with a significant impact on individuals, families, and society as a whole.

Alzheimer's disease is caused by the build-up of abnormal proteins in the brain, including beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. These proteins disrupt the normal functioning of brain cells, leading to the death of neurons and the loss of brain tissue over time. The exact cause of this protein build-up is still unknown, but there are several risk factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease, including age, genetics, lifestyle factors, and certain medical conditions.

Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary widely, but typically include memory loss, confusion, difficulty with language and communication, changes in mood and personality, and difficulty with everyday tasks.

As the disease progresses, individuals may experience more severe cognitive and functional impairment, ultimately leading to a complete loss of independence.

Alzheimer's disease is typically divided into three stages: early (mild) stage, middle (moderate) stage, and late (severe) stage.

In the early stage, individuals may experience mild memory loss and other cognitive difficulties, but are still able to function independently.

In the middle stage, symptoms become more pronounced, and individuals may require more assistance with daily activities.

In the late stage, individuals are typically bedridden and require around-the-clock care.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several treatment options available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

These include medications to help manage cognitive symptoms, behavioral and lifestyle interventions, and supportive therapies to help with daily activities and care.

Early detection and intervention are crucial for maximising the effectiveness of these treatments and improving outcomes for individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

In addition to medical treatment, there are several lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. These include regular physical exercise, a healthy diet, social engagement, and cognitive stimulation.

Caregiving for a loved one with Alzheimer's disease can be challenging, but there are many support resources available to help caregivers and families manage the disease.

Alzheimer's disease is a growing public health concern, with significant impacts on individuals, families, and society as a whole.

Continued research and awareness are essential for understanding the causes and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease, developing new treatments and therapies, and supporting those affected by this devastating disease.

The Significance of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health issue, with millions of people worldwide affected by the disease. It is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States.

The significance of Alzheimer's disease is multifaceted, with impacts on individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society as a whole.

At the individual level, Alzheimer's disease can have a profound impact on a person's quality of life. Symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, and changes in mood and behavior can be distressing and lead to a loss of independence.

As the disease progresses, individuals may require increasing levels of care and support, placing a significant burden on family members and caregivers.

Alzheimer's disease also has significant economic impacts, both for individuals and healthcare systems. The cost of care for individuals with Alzheimer's disease is often high, and many families struggle to afford the necessary medical and support services. Healthcare systems must also bear the burden of caring for individuals with Alzheimer's disease, with costs projected to reach trillions of dollars in the coming years.

The impact of Alzheimer's disease extends beyond individuals and healthcare systems to society as a whole. As the population ages, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease is expected to rise, placing a strain on social welfare programs and the economy. The loss of productivity and income associated with Alzheimer's disease can also have significant economic impacts at the national level.

Addressing the significance of Alzheimer's disease requires a multifaceted approach that includes research, education, and support services. Continued research into the causes and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease is essential for developing effective treatments and interventions.

Education and awareness programs can help individuals and families better understand the disease and provide support and resources for those affected by Alzheimer's disease.

Support services, including respite care, counselling, and financial assistance, can help alleviate the burden on families and caregivers.

Enduring Powers of Guardianship in Western Australia: Key Insights and Considerations

An Enduring Power of Guardianship (EPG) is a legal document that plays a critical role in Western Australia's guardianship system.

It grants authority to a person chosen by an individual to make important personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions on their behalf, should they become incapable of doing so themselves.

This practical tool provides a proactive approach in planning for future circumstances when decision-making capacity may become impaired.

In Western Australia, the EPG allows a competent adult with full legal capacity (the appointor) to designate another person (the enduring guardian) to make essential decisions on their behalf.

The scope of the enduring guardian's authority may include medical and lifestyle decisions, as well as day-to-day matters.

It is important to note that an EPG differs from an Enduring Power of Attorney, which is about financial and legal matters.

Understanding Enduring Powers of Guardianship

An Enduring Power of Guardianship (EPG) is a legal document that allows an individual to appoint a person they trust to make important personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions on their behalf if they become incapable of making such decisions themselves.

This is particularly relevant for matters related to health and well-being, living arrangements, and personal services.

In Western Australia, an enduring guardian can only make decisions that the appointer has specifically authorized in the EPG document. The guardian's powers may be limited or broad, depending on the choices made by the individual creating the EPG.

They must act in the best interests of the appointer and must consider the appointer's wishes when making decisions on their behalf.

It is vital to choose an enduring guardian who can be relied upon to make decisions reflecting the appointer's values and preferences.

The nominated enduring guardian must be at least 18 years old.

The appointer can also choose to appoint more than one enduring guardian if they wish, to ensure a balance of opinions and representation.

The EPG only becomes effective if the appointer loses their decision-making capacity.

Before creating an EPG, it is essential to understand the key principles, legal obligations, and implications involved in granting an enduring power of guardianship.

Legislation and Governing Bodies

In Western Australia, the legislation governing enduring powers of guardianship is the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990. This act outlines the rights, responsibilities, and procedures related to enduring powers of guardianship, providing a legal framework for safeguarding the interests of individuals who are unable to make decisions for themselves due to incapacity.

The Public Advocate is an independent statutory officer appointed by the Western Australian Government to protect and promote the rights of individuals with decision-making disabilities. The Office of the Public Advocate takes an active role in promoting awareness and understanding of enduring powers of guardianship and related legislation among the public.

Another important entity in the area of enduring powers of guardianship is the State Administrative Tribunal (SAT). The SAT is responsible for making decisions regarding the appointment of guardians and administrators, as well as reviewing these appointments and considering any disputes that may arise in relation to enduring powers of guardianship.

Completing the Documentation

To formalize the EPG, you need to complete the required forms and declarations.

The process involves:

1. Filling out the Enduring Power of Guardianship Form, including all necessary sections such as the appointor's and guardian's details, the extent of the guardian's powers, and any conditions and limitations to those powers.

2. Having the form witnessed by 2 people, one of whom is authorised by law to take declarations.

3. Having the appointed enduring guardian(s) sign the Acceptance by Enduring Guardian Form, acknowledging their acceptance of the role and its responsibilities.

It is essential to follow these steps correctly, as any errors or omissions can render the EPG invalid, which may cause difficulties or delays in decision-making during a time of crisis.

Revoking or Amending an Enduring Power of Guardianship

There may be circumstances when someone might choose to revoke or amend their enduring power of guardianship.

An individual can choose to revoke their enduring power of guardianship voluntarily for various reasons, such as changing circumstances, relationships, or personal preferences.

Involuntary Termination

An enduring power of guardianship might be involuntarily terminated in specific situations, including:

• The enduring guardian's death.

• Upon the occurrence of a specific event mentioned in the enduring power of guardianship document that results in the termination of the guardianship.

• The appointment of a new guardian through an order of the SAT.

Dealing with Abuse or Misuse

In some cases, it may be necessary to apply to the State Administrative Tribunal for a review of the guardianship appointment. The tribunal has the authority to review, vary or revoke the enduring power of guardianship if it is determined that abuse or misuse has occurred.

By taking these steps, you can help protect the welfare of the vulnerable individual and ensure that their rights are respected throughout the guardianship process.

Key points

• In Western Australia, enduring powers of guardianship provide a valuable tool for individuals to plan for their future personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions. By appointing a trusted person as their enduring guardian, adults with diminishing cognitive abilities can feel more secure and better prepared for any challenges they may face as their medical or mental conditions change.

• When creating an enduring power of guardianship, it is essential to understand the legal requirements and implications associated with this process. The A Guide to Enduring Power of Guardianship in Western Australia is a helpful resource offering comprehensive information about this topic.

• Furthermore, it is crucial to carefully consider the person or persons selected to act as the enduring guardian. They should be someone trustworthy, reliable, and capable of making decisions that align with the individual's best interests and personal preferences. Open communication and ongoing discussions between the appointor and their chosen guardian are vital in ensuring that the guardian understands and respects the individual's wishes.

• In summary, enduring powers of guardianship play a crucial role in safeguarding an individual's autonomy and promoting their long-term wellbeing. By making informed decisions and seeking professional advice if needed, adults in Western Australia can be confident that they have made the necessary arrangements to maintain control over their personal circumstances and protect their quality of life.