Memory Impairments and the Appointment of an Administrator in Western Australia

Memory impairments can significantly impact a person's ability to make reasonable judgments about their financial affairs.

In this blog post, I discuss how memory impairments can be a basis for the appointment of an administrator by the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia, as outlined in the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 (GA Act).

Mental Disability and Estate Management

Under section 64(1)(a) of the GA Act, a person may be considered unable to make reasonable judgments about their estate due to a mental disability.

The term "estate" refers to the aggregate of a person's property, assets, and liabilities, which in practice encompasses their real and personal property and financial affairs.

The State Administrative Tribunal must determine whether the individual has the ability to make reasonable judgments about their estate (a subjective test) and whether they have the ability to engage in the mental processes required to make that judgment (an objective test).

Both tests must be satisfied for the Tribunal to appoint an administrator.

Memory Impairments and Decision-Making

Memory impairments, such as issues with short-term memory retention, can hinder an individual's ability to weigh the pros and cons of financial decisions.

This may lead to impulsive behavior and poor financial management, such as overspending, failing to budget, or making unreasonable demands on their funds.

However, it is important to note that not all individuals with memory impairments or mental disabilities will require an administrator. The Tribunal must be satisfied that the person's inability to make reasonable judgments about their estate is caused by their mental disability (a causal link) before they can appoint an administrator.

Case Example

In a recent case, VD [2023] WASAT 19, the State Administrative Tribunal found that a person with an acquired brain injury, which caused impulsivity, difficulties with executive functioning, and retention of information in short-term memory, was unable to make reasonable judgments about their estate.

The individual frequently overspent, failed to budget, and made unreasonable demands on their funds.

The Tribunal concluded that the acquired brain injury was the reason for their inability to manage their estate, and the requirements of section 64(1)(a) of the GA Act were met, resulting in the appointment of an administrator.

Conclusion

Memory impairments can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to manage their financial affairs.

In cases where a mental disability leads to an inability to make reasonable judgments about one's estate, the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia may appoint an administrator to protect the individual's best interests.

If you or a loved one are facing challenges in managing an estate due to memory impairments, please feel welcome to consult with me as a qualified guardianship lawyer, to explore your options. You can contact me here.

Acquired Brain Injury and Legal Safeguards: The Role of Guardians and Administrators in Supporting Affected Individuals

As a guardianship lawyer with experience appearing in hearings before the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia, I often encounter cases involving individuals with acquired brain injuries (ABIs).

The impact of these injuries can be profound. often leading to impulsivity and, therefore, vulnerability to exploitation.

In this blog post, I describe what an ABI is, its causes, the link between ABI and impulsivity, and why this can justify the need for a guardian and/or administrator.

What is an Acquired Brain Injury?

An acquired brain injury (ABI) is damage to the brain that occurs after birth and is not related to a congenital disorder, developmental disability, or progressive degenerative disease.

ABIs can result in cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments that can vary widely in severity, depending on the extent and location of the brain damage.

Causes of Acquired Brain Injuries

There are many possible causes of an ABI, including:

1. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) – resulting from events such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and violence.

2. Non-traumatic brain injuries – caused by medical conditions such as stroke, brain tumors, infections (e.g., meningitis or encephalitis), hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), and exposure to toxic substances.

Impulsivity and Other Symptoms of ABI

Impulsivity is a common symptom of ABI and can manifest in various ways, such as:

1. Difficulty with impulse control: Individuals with ABI may struggle to resist urges, make hasty decisions without considering the consequences, or act inappropriately in social situations.

2. Emotional dysregulation: Mood swings, irritability, and emotional outbursts may be more frequent for those with ABI.

3. Cognitive impairments: ABI can lead to problems with memory, attention, planning, and problem-solving.

Why ABI Can Justify a Guardian and/or Administrator

Individuals with ABI, particularly those exhibiting impulsivity and other cognitive or emotional impairments, can be at increased risk of exploitation and may struggle to manage their personal, medical, or financial affairs effectively.

In these situations, the appointment of a guardian and/or administrator may be necessary to protect the individual's best interests and ensure their wellbeing.

A guardian is a person appointed by the State Administrative Tribunal to make personal and lifestyle decisions on behalf of an individual with a mental disability. An administrator, on the other hand, is appointed to manage the individual's financial and legal affairs.

Both roles aim to provide support and protection to the individual, while considering their wishes and needs to the greatest extent possible.

Acquired brain injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to make sound decisions and protect themselves from potential exploitation.

By understanding the link between ABI and impulsivity, we can better recognize when a guardian and/or administrator may be necessary to safeguard the best interests of those affected.

If you or a loved one has experienced an ABI and requires legal assistance, please contact me, if you need to speak with a guardianship lawyer with experience in the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia for guidance and support.

Navigating the Legal Framework for Your Adult Child with Autism: A Guide to Guardianship and Administration in Western Australia

In this blog post, I focus on the practical issues that parents of adult children with autism in Western Australia may face and explore the types of situations that make it sensible to apply for guardianship and administration. This is particularly important when considering factors such as parents no longer being together.

In Western Australia, guardianship and administration are governed by the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990. Guardianship pertains to making personal, lifestyle, and medical decisions, while administration deals with financial and property management.

When considering applying for guardianship and administration for an adult child with autism, parents should evaluate the following situations:

1. The adult child lacks the capacity to make informed decisions: If the adult child with autism has significant challenges in understanding and processing information, and consequently cannot make informed decisions, guardianship and administration may be necessary.

2. The parents are no longer together: If the parents have separated or divorced, they may have different views on their adult child's care and decision-making. Guardianship and administration can provide a clear legal framework for decision-making and ensure that the best interests of the adult child are prioritized.

3. Potential for abuse, neglect, or exploitation: If there is a risk that the adult child with autism may be subject to abuse, neglect, or exploitation, either by family members or others, guardianship and administration can provide a layer of protection and oversight to prevent such occurrences.

4. Healthcare and medical treatment: If the adult child requires complex or ongoing medical treatment, guardianship can ensure that appropriate decisions are made regarding their healthcare needs.

5. Financial management: If the adult child with autism has substantial assets or receives a substantial income (e.g., from government benefits or an inheritance), administration may be necessary to ensure proper management and prevent financial mismanagement or exploitation.

6. Residential arrangements: If the adult child requires specialized living arrangements, such as supported accommodation or a group home, guardianship can help in making decisions about the most suitable option, taking into account the adult child's preferences, needs, and available resources.

7. Future planning: Guardianship and administration can provide a framework for planning the adult child's future, including their living arrangements, healthcare, and financial management, particularly in situations where the parents are aging or have health issues of their own.

Before applying for guardianship and administration, parents should consider alternatives that may be less restrictive and provide more autonomy to their adult child with autism. These alternatives include ‘supported decision-making’.

In conclusion, parents of adult children with autism in Western Australia should carefully consider the specific circumstances of their situation when deciding whether to apply for guardianship and administration. By assessing the individual needs, challenges, and preferences of their adult child, parents can make informed decisions that promote their loved one's well-being, autonomy, and protection.

Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms and Impact on Daily Life

Bipolar affective disorder, also known as bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings.

People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of depression, where they feel low, sad, hopeless, and lose interest in things they usually enjoy. They also experience episodes of mania or hypomania, where they feel high, euphoric, irritable, restless, and have increased energy and activity. Sometimes, they may also have psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions.

Bipolar disorder can affect a person's ability to function in daily life, as well as their relationships, work, and finances. It can also increase the risk of suicide and other health problems.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition that requires ongoing treatment and support.

The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

As a guardianship lawyer, I often encounter cases where a person with bipolar disorder needs legal protection or representation.

Guardianship is a legal process where the State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia appoints someone to make decisions for another person who is unable to do so because of mental incapacity.

A guardian can be appointed to make decisions about personal matters, such as medical treatment, accommodation, services and other lifestyle matters. An administrator can also be appointed to make decisions about financial matters, such as managing property, income, and expenses.

Guardianship can be a helpful tool to protect the rights and interests of a person with bipolar disorder who is unable to make informed decisions for themselves.

However, guardianship also involves a loss of autonomy and privacy for the person under guardianship.

Therefore, guardianship should only be considered as a last resort when there are no less restrictive alternatives available.

If you or someone you know has bipolar disorder and needs legal assistance or advice regarding guardianship or other related issues, please contact me.

I am an experienced guardianship lawyer who can help you navigate the complex and sensitive legal process.

Understanding the Different Types of Dementia

Dementia is a general term that describes a decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's daily life.

There are different types of dementia, each with its own causes, symptoms and progression.

In this blog post, I will explain some of the most common types of dementia and how they affect the person and their legal capacity.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for about 60-80% of all cases. It is caused by the buildup of abnormal protein deposits called amyloid plaques and twisted fibers called tau tangles in the brain. These damage the brain cells and interfere with their communication. Alzheimer's disease usually affects memory first, especially the ability to form new memories. As the disease progresses, other cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, judgment and orientation are also impaired. People with Alzheimer's disease may also experience mood and personality changes, such as depression, anxiety, apathy and agitation. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative and irreversible condition that worsens over time. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but some treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow down the decline.

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia, accounting for about 10-20% of all cases. It is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain due to conditions such as stroke, heart disease, diabetes or high blood pressure. This deprives the brain cells of oxygen and nutrients and leads to their death. Vascular dementia can affect different cognitive functions depending on which part of the brain is damaged. Some common symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty with planning and problem-solving, impaired judgment and attention, and mood and behavior changes. Vascular dementia can have a sudden or gradual onset and can progress in a stepwise or continuous manner. The course and severity of vascular dementia depend on the underlying cause and the extent of brain damage. Some risk factors for vascular dementia can be prevented or controlled by adopting a healthy lifestyle and managing chronic conditions.

Lewy body dementia is another common type of dementia, accounting for about 10-15% of all cases. It is caused by the buildup of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. These affect the brain cells that control movement, memory and thinking. Lewy body dementia can cause symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease, such as memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment and language skills. However, it can also cause symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, slowness and balance problems. People with Lewy body dementia may also experience visual hallucinations, fluctuations in alertness and attention, sleep disorders and sensitivity to certain medications. Lewy body dementia is a progressive and incurable condition that worsens over time. There is no specific treatment for Lewy body dementia, but some medications can help manage some of the symptoms.

Frontotemporal dementia is a rare type of dementia that affects about 5-10% of all cases. It is caused by the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behavior, language and social skills. Frontotemporal dementia usually affects younger people than other types of dementia, typically between 45 and 65 years old. Frontotemporal dementia can cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain is affected. Some common symptoms include changes in personality and behavior, such as loss of empathy, inhibition, motivation and social awareness; difficulty with language skills, such as speaking, understanding, reading and writing; and problems with executive functions, such as planning, organizing and reasoning. Frontotemporal dementia is a progressive and irreversible condition that worsens over time. There is no cure for frontotemporal dementia, but some medications can help manage some of the behavioral symptoms.

These are some of the most common types of dementia that affect millions of people around the world.

Dementia can have a significant impact on a person's legal capacity, which is their ability to make decisions and act on them in accordance with the law. A person with dementia may lose their legal capacity partially or completely as their condition progresses.

This can affect their rights and responsibilities in various areas of life, such as health care, finances, property and personal affairs.

As a guardianship lawyer, I help people with dementia and their families to protect their legal interests and ensure their well-being.

If you or someone you know has dementia or is at risk of developing it, it is important to plan ahead and seek legal advice as soon as possible

Alzheimer's disease - Overview

Definition and Overview

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour.

It is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases.

Alzheimer's disease is a major public health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide, with a significant impact on individuals, families, and society as a whole.

Alzheimer's disease is caused by the build-up of abnormal proteins in the brain, including beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. These proteins disrupt the normal functioning of brain cells, leading to the death of neurons and the loss of brain tissue over time. The exact cause of this protein build-up is still unknown, but there are several risk factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease, including age, genetics, lifestyle factors, and certain medical conditions.

Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary widely, but typically include memory loss, confusion, difficulty with language and communication, changes in mood and personality, and difficulty with everyday tasks.

As the disease progresses, individuals may experience more severe cognitive and functional impairment, ultimately leading to a complete loss of independence.

Alzheimer's disease is typically divided into three stages: early (mild) stage, middle (moderate) stage, and late (severe) stage.

In the early stage, individuals may experience mild memory loss and other cognitive difficulties, but are still able to function independently.

In the middle stage, symptoms become more pronounced, and individuals may require more assistance with daily activities.

In the late stage, individuals are typically bedridden and require around-the-clock care.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several treatment options available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

These include medications to help manage cognitive symptoms, behavioral and lifestyle interventions, and supportive therapies to help with daily activities and care.

Early detection and intervention are crucial for maximising the effectiveness of these treatments and improving outcomes for individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

In addition to medical treatment, there are several lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. These include regular physical exercise, a healthy diet, social engagement, and cognitive stimulation.

Caregiving for a loved one with Alzheimer's disease can be challenging, but there are many support resources available to help caregivers and families manage the disease.

Alzheimer's disease is a growing public health concern, with significant impacts on individuals, families, and society as a whole.

Continued research and awareness are essential for understanding the causes and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease, developing new treatments and therapies, and supporting those affected by this devastating disease.

The Significance of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health issue, with millions of people worldwide affected by the disease. It is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States.

The significance of Alzheimer's disease is multifaceted, with impacts on individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society as a whole.

At the individual level, Alzheimer's disease can have a profound impact on a person's quality of life. Symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, and changes in mood and behavior can be distressing and lead to a loss of independence.

As the disease progresses, individuals may require increasing levels of care and support, placing a significant burden on family members and caregivers.

Alzheimer's disease also has significant economic impacts, both for individuals and healthcare systems. The cost of care for individuals with Alzheimer's disease is often high, and many families struggle to afford the necessary medical and support services. Healthcare systems must also bear the burden of caring for individuals with Alzheimer's disease, with costs projected to reach trillions of dollars in the coming years.

The impact of Alzheimer's disease extends beyond individuals and healthcare systems to society as a whole. As the population ages, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease is expected to rise, placing a strain on social welfare programs and the economy. The loss of productivity and income associated with Alzheimer's disease can also have significant economic impacts at the national level.

Addressing the significance of Alzheimer's disease requires a multifaceted approach that includes research, education, and support services. Continued research into the causes and risk factors of Alzheimer's disease is essential for developing effective treatments and interventions.

Education and awareness programs can help individuals and families better understand the disease and provide support and resources for those affected by Alzheimer's disease.

Support services, including respite care, counselling, and financial assistance, can help alleviate the burden on families and caregivers.

The Illusory Truth Effect in Defamation: The Importance of Prompt Action

In defamation, clients must be ready to act quickly and not dawdle.

Winston Churchill once observed: "A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on."

This statement holds particular relevance in the context of defamation cases, where the illusory truth effect can contribute to the rapid spread and entrenchment of falsehoods.

What is the Illusory Truth Effect?

The illusory truth effect is the feeling when we hear information that we believe it to be true, because we've heard it before.

The illusory truth effect is a cognitive bias that causes individuals to perceive false statements as true after being repeatedly exposed to them.

This psychological phenomenon underscores the power of repetition in shaping our beliefs and perceptions, making it a significant challenge in defamation cases where false information can become deeply ingrained in public perception.

First observed in a study by Hasher, Goldstein, and Toppino (1977), this psychological phenomenon highlights the power of repetition in shaping our beliefs and perceptions.

Several factors contribute to the illusory truth effect

1. Cognitive fluency: Repeated exposure to information makes it easier for our brains to process that information, leading to an increased sense of familiarity and truthfulness.

2. Confirmation bias: People have a natural tendency to favour information that aligns with their existing beliefs, making it more likely that they will accept repeated false statements as true.

3. Source amnesia: Over time, people may forget the origin of the information they have encountered, making it difficult to discern whether the source was credible or not.

Implications for Defamation Cases

In defamation cases, the illusory truth effect highlights the importance of acting promptly when defamed.

The longer false information is allowed to circulate, the more deeply it becomes entrenched in public perception, making it increasingly difficult to restore reputations and refute claims.

The widespread use of social media and digital platforms can further amplify the effect, enabling false information to be shared and repeated on a global scale.

Strategies for Addressing the Illusory Truth Effect in Defamation Cases

1. Acting quickly: When faced with defamatory statements, it is essential to take immediate action to mitigate the spread of misinformation. By responding promptly, legal professionals can limit the extent of reputational damage and challenge falsehoods before they become deeply ingrained.

2. Fact-checking and providing accurate information: Thoroughly investigating claims and presenting accurate information can help counteract the impact of false statements. Demonstrating the inaccuracy of defamatory statements can help to discredit the falsehoods and restore the reputations of those affected.

3. Educating the public and the court about the illusory truth effect: Raising awareness of this cognitive bias can help create a more discerning audience that is less susceptible to the influence of misinformation. This can be achieved through expert evidence, articles, and presentations.

4. Emphasizing the credibility of sources: When presenting information in court, defamation lawyers should emphasize the credibility of their sources to counteract the influence of the illusory truth effect. Establishing the reliability of the information being presented can help challenge false beliefs and promote a more accurate understanding of the facts.

5. Engaging in effective communication: Legal professionals should strive to communicate complex information in a clear, concise, and compelling manner. This can help ensure that the truth is more easily understood and retained by the audience, reducing the impact of the illusory truth effect.

Meetings with your Lawyer by Video Conference: Enhanced Client Experience

5 minute read

• Video conferencing reshaping legal services delivery

• Convenience and reduced travel for clients and lawyers

• Greater accessibility and flexibility in scheduling

• Enhanced communication with screen sharing and collaboration tools

• Reliable internet connection, device compatibility, and suitable platform are essential

• Preparing for meeting by testing connection, video, and audio devices

• Optimising video and audio quality for effective communication

• Minimising distractions and planning for technical difficulties

• Voice recognition transcripts for accurate record-keeping

1: Introduction

Video conferencing has increasingly become a popular method of communication across various industries, including the legal sector. The adoption of such technology has brought about numerous benefits to both clients and legal professionals alike. As digitalisation advances, the ability to conduct meetings with lawyers through video conferences is reshaping the way in which legal services are delivered.

One significant advantage of video conferencing for lawyers and their clients is the convenience it provides. The need for travel is greatly reduced, enabling clients to connect with their legal representatives from the comfort of their own homes, regardless of the distance between them. This can save substantial amounts of time and money, making legal services more accessible to many people. Furthermore, video meetings can facilitate a more seamless connection between legal professionals, streamlining collaboration and enhancing efficiency in their work.

Another crucial aspect of video conferencing in the legal domain is its potential impact on client-lawyer relationships. Given the sensitive nature of many legal matters, building trust and rapport with clients is essential. Video conferences provide a more personal touch than phone or email, enabling clients to put a face to their legal representative and share confidential information more comfortably. The use of video meetings is paving the way for more effective, client-focused legal practice.

2: Benefits of Video Conference Meetings

Time and Cost Savings

One of the primary benefits of holding video conference meetings with lawyers is the time and cost savings involved. Traditional face-to-face meetings often require travel to and from the lawyer's office, which can be both time-consuming and expensive, particularly if considerable distances have to be covered. Video conferencing eliminates the need for travel and associated costs, providing a more efficient and cost-effective method of communication. Moreover, video conferencing platforms such as Zoom offer free meetings for smaller clients or limited lengths of time, which can be advantageous for small firms or individuals.

Accessibility and Flexibility

Video conferencing provides increased accessibility and flexibility in scheduling and conducting meetings. Clients and lawyers can connect from virtually anywhere, as long as they have a stable internet connection and compatible devices. This ensures that meetings can be held in a more timely and convenient manner, accommodating individuals' busy schedules and avoiding the inconveniences associated with trying to find meeting spaces or coordinating conflicting schedules.

Increased Communication Opportunities

Video conference meetings with lawyers provide additional communication opportunities through tools and features provided by conferencing platforms. For example, screen sharing and real-time collaboration options can help both parties work together more effectively on documents or case materials.

TRANSCRIPTS

Furthermore, video conferencing platforms often provide voice recognition technology that can produce transcripts of meetings (both a running transcript during the meeting and final version afterwards), which can be beneficial for review purposes or for individuals with hearing impairments.

This feature enables both parties to review the discussions accurately and efficiently, reducing potential misunderstandings and ensuring clear communication.

It also ensures a perfect record of what was discussed, and for the lawyer to be able to focus on the conversation and not be distracted by needing to take the detailed notes traditionally required during lawyer-client meetings.

3: Technological Requirements

Reliable Internet Connection

One of the most critical aspects of conducting video conferencing meetings with your lawyer is maintaining a stable and reliable internet connection. A strong connection ensures clear audio and video, which aids in effective communication. It is recommended to have a minimum upload and download speed of 1.5 Mbps for a smooth experience.

Device Compatibility

Next, you need to consider your choice of device for the video conference. Most modern smartphones, tablets, and laptops with a built-in camera and microphone should suffice. However, investing in a dedicated external microphone and camera setup can improve audio and video quality.

Video Conferencing Platforms

There are numerous video conferencing platforms available that cater to the requirements of both clients and lawyers. Some popular options include Zoom and MS Teams. When selecting a platform, it is crucial to consider its ease of use, security features, and functionality, such as screen sharing and real-time collaboration.

4: Privacy and Security

Confidentiality Measures

One of the advantages of video conferencing with your lawyer is ensuring confidentiality during your virtual meetings. Zoom, a popular platform for video conferencing, provides several security features like password protection and waiting rooms to prevent unauthorised access to your meeting. Additionally, many platforms can produce voice recognition transcripts after the meetings, enabling you to review the discussion without jeopardising the confidentiality.

Securing Digital Communications

To further enhance privacy, it is essential to secure digital communications between you and your lawyer. Video conferencing platforms employ encryption technologies to protect your data during online interactions. However, it is crucial to always ensure that the chosen platform has strong encryption protocols and continuously updates its security features.

Data Protection Compliance

As video conferencing becomes the go-to solution for legal proceedings, adhering to data protection regulations is critical. Platforms like Zoom and other virtual meeting providers must comply with relevant legislations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the Data Protection Act in the United Kingdom. These regulations ensure that your personal data, as well as the information shared within virtual meetings, are properly protected and managed.

5: Tips for Successful Video Conference Meetings

Preparing for the Meeting

Before your video conference meeting with your lawyer, it's essential to check your internet connection and test your video and audio devices. Familiarise yourself with the platform you will use for the video call, and ensure that you have a stable connection to avoid any potential communication issues.

Select a meeting space with minimal distractions, good lighting, and a professional background. Have your documents and materials related to your case ready, so you can easily refer to them during your meeting.

Optimising Video and Audio Quality

Good video and audio quality is vital for effective communication with your lawyer. Place your camera at eye level to ensure you are engaging in proper eye contact. Invest in a high-quality webcam and a noise-cancelling microphone to improve your audio quality. These upgrades can make a world of difference for clear communication.

Test your video and audio settings beforehand, and make any adjustments necessary to optimise the quality during the meeting. If possible, use an ethernet cable to connect your device directly to your internet modem or router for improved connection stability.

Managing Distractions

Minimise potential distractions by closing all unnecessary applications on your device, particularly those with audible notifications. Mute your phone and minimise external noise in your meeting area by closing doors and windows.

In case of any technical difficulties, consider preparing backup plans such as having a contact phone number for your lawyer or a secondary internet connection available.

Enduring Powers of Guardianship in Western Australia: Key Insights and Considerations

An Enduring Power of Guardianship (EPG) is a legal document that plays a critical role in Western Australia's guardianship system.

It grants authority to a person chosen by an individual to make important personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions on their behalf, should they become incapable of doing so themselves.

This practical tool provides a proactive approach in planning for future circumstances when decision-making capacity may become impaired.

In Western Australia, the EPG allows a competent adult with full legal capacity (the appointor) to designate another person (the enduring guardian) to make essential decisions on their behalf.

The scope of the enduring guardian's authority may include medical and lifestyle decisions, as well as day-to-day matters.

It is important to note that an EPG differs from an Enduring Power of Attorney, which is about financial and legal matters.

Understanding Enduring Powers of Guardianship

An Enduring Power of Guardianship (EPG) is a legal document that allows an individual to appoint a person they trust to make important personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions on their behalf if they become incapable of making such decisions themselves.

This is particularly relevant for matters related to health and well-being, living arrangements, and personal services.

In Western Australia, an enduring guardian can only make decisions that the appointer has specifically authorized in the EPG document. The guardian's powers may be limited or broad, depending on the choices made by the individual creating the EPG.

They must act in the best interests of the appointer and must consider the appointer's wishes when making decisions on their behalf.

It is vital to choose an enduring guardian who can be relied upon to make decisions reflecting the appointer's values and preferences.

The nominated enduring guardian must be at least 18 years old.

The appointer can also choose to appoint more than one enduring guardian if they wish, to ensure a balance of opinions and representation.

The EPG only becomes effective if the appointer loses their decision-making capacity.

Before creating an EPG, it is essential to understand the key principles, legal obligations, and implications involved in granting an enduring power of guardianship.

Legislation and Governing Bodies

In Western Australia, the legislation governing enduring powers of guardianship is the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990. This act outlines the rights, responsibilities, and procedures related to enduring powers of guardianship, providing a legal framework for safeguarding the interests of individuals who are unable to make decisions for themselves due to incapacity.

The Public Advocate is an independent statutory officer appointed by the Western Australian Government to protect and promote the rights of individuals with decision-making disabilities. The Office of the Public Advocate takes an active role in promoting awareness and understanding of enduring powers of guardianship and related legislation among the public.

Another important entity in the area of enduring powers of guardianship is the State Administrative Tribunal (SAT). The SAT is responsible for making decisions regarding the appointment of guardians and administrators, as well as reviewing these appointments and considering any disputes that may arise in relation to enduring powers of guardianship.

Completing the Documentation

To formalize the EPG, you need to complete the required forms and declarations.

The process involves:

1. Filling out the Enduring Power of Guardianship Form, including all necessary sections such as the appointor's and guardian's details, the extent of the guardian's powers, and any conditions and limitations to those powers.

2. Having the form witnessed by 2 people, one of whom is authorised by law to take declarations.

3. Having the appointed enduring guardian(s) sign the Acceptance by Enduring Guardian Form, acknowledging their acceptance of the role and its responsibilities.

It is essential to follow these steps correctly, as any errors or omissions can render the EPG invalid, which may cause difficulties or delays in decision-making during a time of crisis.

Revoking or Amending an Enduring Power of Guardianship

There may be circumstances when someone might choose to revoke or amend their enduring power of guardianship.

An individual can choose to revoke their enduring power of guardianship voluntarily for various reasons, such as changing circumstances, relationships, or personal preferences.

Involuntary Termination

An enduring power of guardianship might be involuntarily terminated in specific situations, including:

• The enduring guardian's death.

• Upon the occurrence of a specific event mentioned in the enduring power of guardianship document that results in the termination of the guardianship.

• The appointment of a new guardian through an order of the SAT.

Dealing with Abuse or Misuse

In some cases, it may be necessary to apply to the State Administrative Tribunal for a review of the guardianship appointment. The tribunal has the authority to review, vary or revoke the enduring power of guardianship if it is determined that abuse or misuse has occurred.

By taking these steps, you can help protect the welfare of the vulnerable individual and ensure that their rights are respected throughout the guardianship process.

Key points

• In Western Australia, enduring powers of guardianship provide a valuable tool for individuals to plan for their future personal, lifestyle, and treatment decisions. By appointing a trusted person as their enduring guardian, adults with diminishing cognitive abilities can feel more secure and better prepared for any challenges they may face as their medical or mental conditions change.

• When creating an enduring power of guardianship, it is essential to understand the legal requirements and implications associated with this process. The A Guide to Enduring Power of Guardianship in Western Australia is a helpful resource offering comprehensive information about this topic.

• Furthermore, it is crucial to carefully consider the person or persons selected to act as the enduring guardian. They should be someone trustworthy, reliable, and capable of making decisions that align with the individual's best interests and personal preferences. Open communication and ongoing discussions between the appointor and their chosen guardian are vital in ensuring that the guardian understands and respects the individual's wishes.

• In summary, enduring powers of guardianship play a crucial role in safeguarding an individual's autonomy and promoting their long-term wellbeing. By making informed decisions and seeking professional advice if needed, adults in Western Australia can be confident that they have made the necessary arrangements to maintain control over their personal circumstances and protect their quality of life.

Cognitive fluctuations in dementia: A closer look🔍

A crucial aspect of dementia care is understanding and managing ▶ cognitive fluctuations, which are changes in a person's cognitive abilities and levels of awareness.

Dementia is a progressive neurological condition that encompasses various forms such as Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, Lewy Body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare estimates that there were ▶ 219,000 Australians with dementia in 2020. This number is on the rise.

Cognitive fluctuations can be influenced by factors like:
1️⃣ environment,
2️⃣ fatigue,
3️⃣ medications, and
4️⃣ time of day.

For example, ▶ sundowning is a common phenomenon where individuals experience increased agitation or confusion during late afternoon or evening hours.

The neurobiology underlying cognitive fluctuations is not yet fully understood, but it is known that dementia results from damage to brain cells and their connections. In Alzheimer's disease, this deterioration begins in the memory centers of the brain and gradually spreads to regions governing attention and awareness.

Disruptions in the brain's "default mode network" can also lead to changes in cognition and self-awareness.

Behavioural interventions, such as music therapy, can temporarily improve mood and memory for those living with dementia.

When interacting with a loved one experiencing cognitive fluctuations, it's important to:
➡ communicate effectively using short sentences,
➡ maintain eye contact,
➡ minimise distractions, and
➡ listen calmly to their concerns.

Although some drugs show promise in slowing memory decline, further research is needed to better understand and treat dementia.

If you are facing guardianship issues related to dementia, I am a specialist guardianship lawyer and can help.